Amphibian toxins and their application in pharmaceutical industry

Vodozemci ili Amphibia su skupina kopnenih kralježnjaka. Dijelimo ih na tri reda: Anura (žabe), Caudata (repaši) i Apoda (beznošci). Koža im sadrži mukozne žlijezde koje izlučuju mukoznu tvar koja ima ulogu u respiraciji preko kože, reprodukciji, obrani, održavaju pH vrijednosti i termoregulaciji te granularne žlijezde iz kojih se izlučuju različite otrovne tvari koje imaju negativan učinak na predatore. Otrovi su spojevi farmakološki aktivnih tvari koje sadrže peptide, gvaninske derivate, biogene amine, steroide i alkaloide. Različiti alkaloidi kao što su tetrodotoksin, pumiliotoksini, batrahotoksini i epibatidini se danas sve više proučavaju zbog svoje medicinske važnosti, kao potencijalni tretmani za razna medicinska stanja. Najčešće se koriste kao anelgetici. Vodozemci alkaloide uglavnom nakupljaju egzogenim putem, preko prehrane koja se pretežno sastoji od mravi i grinja.Amphibians or Amphibia are a group of terrestrial vertebrates. They are divided into three orders: Anura (frogs), Caudata (newts and salamanders) and Apoda (caecilians). Their skin contains mucous glands that secrete a mucous substance that plays an important role in respiration through the skin, reproduction, defense, maintaining pH and thermoregulation, and granular glands which sekrete various toxic substances that have a negative effect on predators. Toxins are compounds of pharmacologically active substances that contain peptides, guanine derivates, biogenic amines, steroids and alkaloids. Various alkaloids such as tetrodotoxin, pumiliotoxins, batrachotoxins and epibatidines are increasinly being studied today because of their medical importance as potential treatments for many medical conditions. They are most commonly used as analgesics. Amphibians accumulate alkaloids mainly exogenously, through a diet consisting predominantly of ants and mites