REFEREES' SIGNALS AS A FORM OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IN TEAM SPORTS

Cilj je rada bio prikupiti i analizirati sudačke neverbalne znakove tijelom u ekipnim sportovima nastalim dominantno, ali ne isključivo na engleskom govornom području, i to: a) u ekipnim sportovima izvorno nastalim u Europi, b) u ekipnim sportovima izvorno nastalim u Sjevernoj Americi te c) u ekipnim sportovima izvedenim iz sportova izvorno nastalih u Europi. Pritom su se nastojali odrediti obrasci po kojima se prikupljeni sudački znakovi mogu grupirati s obzirom na temeljno značenje koje im je zajednički nazivnik. Uzorak se entiteta sastojao od 287 sudačkih znakova tijelom prikupljenih prema pravilima igre ukupno deset sportova: nogomet, rukomet, ragbi, kriket, hokej na travi, košarka, odbojka, bejzbol, američki nogomet te hokej na ledu. Pokazalo se da znakovi košarkaških sudaca imaju najveću korelaciju sa znakovima iz svih ostalih sportova, bilo da su u pitanju slični ili potpuno različiti sportovi. Iznenađujuće je da hokej na ledu svojim sudačkim znakovljem ima najviše sličnosti s po mnogočemu potpuno drugačijim sportom, i to košarkom.The aim of this paper was to collect and analyse referees' bodily nonverbal signals from team sports originating predominantly but not exclusively from the English-speaking areas: a) team sports originating from Europe, b) teams sports originating from North America, and c) team sports derived from sports originally from Europe. The intention was to identify the grouping patterns of referees’ signals with regard to the meaning as the common denominator of those signals. The sample was comprised of 287 referees' bodily signals collected according to the rules of the total of 10 sports: football (soccer), handball, rugby, cricket, field hockey, basketball, volleyball, baseball, American football and ice hockey. It seems that the basketball referees' signals had the highest correlation with signals from all other sports, regardless of whether these sports were either similar or completely different. Surprisingly, in terms of its referees' signals, ice hockey was the most similar to a sport actually very different from ice hockey, namely, basketball