Presentation of allergies in preschool children population within the are of the city of Zagreb

Učestalost alergijskih poremećaja kod djece značajno se povećala tijekom vremena zbog promjena u okolišu i načinu života. Alergijske bolesti čine genetski heterogenu skupinu kroničnih, imunomeditiranih bolesti koje uglavnom uključuju alergijski rinitis, atopijski dermatitis, alergijski konjunktivitis, alergije na hranu, bronhijalnu astmu, alergije na lijekove, ugrize insekata i anafilaksiju. Većina alergija su reakcije preosjetljivosti tipa 1 posredovane IgE-om na uobičajene okolišne i prehrambene antigene. Iako se većina njih ograničava, mogu negativno utjecati na kvalitetu života, a ponekad postaju i opasne po život. Alergije na hranu obično se javljaju oko 1. godine života, a na neke namirnice poput mlijeka, jaja, pšenice ili soje sazrijevanjem probavnog sustava mogu nestati, dok alergije na orašaste plodove, kikiriki, ribu i školjke mogu ostati tijekom cijelog života. Astma uzrokovana alergijom javlja se između 1. i 2. godine, a najučestalija alergijska bolest kod djece je atopijski ekcem – dermatitis. Prethodno navedenu bolest karakteriziraju kronične i relapse svrbežne lezije kože koje se uglavnom počinju razvijati između 3 i 6 mjeseca starosti i oko 60% djece razvije ekcematozne lezije u prvoj godini života, a 90% do 5. godine. Cilj ovog rada bio je prikazati zastupljenosti alergija kod djece rane i predškolske dobi. Istraživanje je provedeno na 100 ispitanika u periodu 13.04.2021.-29.06.2021. godine. Kao instrument istraživanja korišten je online anketni upitnik sa 14 pitanja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je visoka zastupljenost alergija kod djece u zagrebačkim vrtićima 58 % djevojčica ima alergiju i 57 % dječaka, najčešće su djeca alergična na orašaste plodove, mliječne proizvode i jaja, a pokretači alergijskih reakcija su nutritivni alergeni. Najčešća bolest kod djece je atopijski ekcem – dermatitis. Istraživanje je pokazalo da odgojitelji smatraju da im nedostaje znanja o alergijama i da nisu dovoljno kompetentni za reagiranje na krizne situacije uzrokovane alergijama. Odgojitelji u svom radu preopterećeni su velikim grupama u kojima se nalazi trideset i više djece i odgojitelji se na kvalitetan način ne mogu baviti svojim poslom niti uočiti promjene u ponašanju nekog djeteta, jer im za to nedostaje vremena i znanja, a taj problem nitko ne rješava.The incidence of allergic disorders in children has increased significantly over time due to changes in the environment and lifestyle. Allergic diseases form a genetically heterogeneous group of chronic immunomediated diseases that mainly include allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, food allergies, bronchial asthma, drug allergies, insect bites, and anaphylaxis. Most allergies are IgE-mediated type 1 hypersensitivity reactions to common environmental and food antigens. Although most of them are limited, they can negatively affect the quality of life and sometimes become life-threatening. Food allergies usually occur around the age of 1, and some such as milk, eggs, wheat, or soy allergies may disappear as the digestive system matures, while allergies to nuts, peanuts, fish, and shellfish can remain throughout life. Allergy-induced asthma occurs between the ages of 1 and 2, and the most common allergic disease in children is atopic eczema - dermatitis. The latter is characterized by chronic and relapsed itchy skin lesions that generally begin to develop between 3 and 6 months of age and about 60% of children develop eczematous lesions in the first year of life and 90% by the 5th year. The aim of this study was to show the prevalence of allergies in children of early and preschool age. The research was conducted on 100 respondents in the period 13.04.2021.-29.06.2021. years. An online survey questionnaire with 14 questions was used as a research instrument. The results of the research showed that 58% of girls have allergies and 57% of boys have a high prevalence of allergies in children in Zagreb kindergartens, most often children are allergic to nuts, dairy products and eggs, and the triggers of allergic reactions are nutritional allergens. The most common disease in children is atopic eczema - dermatitis. Research has shown that educators feel that they lack knowledge about allergies and are not competent enough to respond to crisis situations cause by allergies Educators in their work are overloaded with large groups of thirty or more children and educators can not do their job in a quality way or notice changes in the behavior of a child, because they lack the time and knowledge, and no one solves this problem