Abortions in mares

Pobačaj definiramo kao prekid gravidnosti uz izbacivanje ploda i njegovih pripadajućih ovojnica prije 300. dana gravidnosti. Plod je najčešće mrtav ili ugiba neposredno nakon pobačaja. Do pojave rane embrionalne smrtnosti dolazi prije 13. dana gravidnosti, a glavni čimbenik koji sudjeluje u nastanku je starost kobile povezan sa smanjenom kvalitetom oocita, niskim koncentracijama progesterona te degenerativnim i upalnim promjenama endometrija. Većina pobačaja je nezarazne etiologije, a najčešći uzrok je blizanačka gravidnost (10-30%) s obzirom da kobile zbog nedostatka razvijenosti posteljice ne mogu oždrijebiti dva ploda te se profilaksa usmjerava na pravodobno otkrivanje i redukciju blizanaca. Najčešći uzrok pobačaja zarazne etiologije je bakterijski placentitis. Dosada nije nađena učinkovita terapija placentitisa bez obzira na brojna istraživanja. Od virusnih uzročnika najvažniji su konjski herpesvirus 1 i virus arteritisa konja koji se suzbijaju po zakonu i za koje postoje propisane dijagnostičke i preventivne mjere. Svaki pobačaj smatra se zaraznim dok se ne dokaže suprotno te je cilj u slučaju pojave pobačaja postavljanje etiološke dijagnoze koja uključuje iscrpnu anamnezu, klinički pregled i uzimanje uzoraka za laboratorijske i dodatne pretrage ovisno o sumnji na uzrok.Abortion is defined as termination of pregnancy with expulsion of the fetus and its associated membranes before the 300. day of pregnancy. The fetus is usually dead or dies after the abortion. Early embryonic death occurs before day 13. of pregnancy and the main factor involved in its occurrence is the age of the mare associated with low oocyte quality, low progesterone concentrations and degenerative and inflammatory changes of the endometrium. Most abortions are of non-infectious etiology and the most common cause is twin pregnancy (10-30 %), given that mares cannot give birth to two fetuses due to the lack of placenta development and prevention is focused on timely detection and reduction of twins. The most common cause of abortions of infected etiology is bacterial placentitis. So far, no effective therapy for placentitis has been found, regardless of numerous studies. Of the viral agents, the most important are equine herpesvirus 1 and equine arteritis virus which are notifiable diseases and diagnostic and preventive measures are available. Every abortion is considered infectious until proven otherwise, and the goal is to establish an etiological diagnosis that includes a thorough history, clinical examination and taking samples for laboratory and additional tests depending on the suspected cause