Health care of patients with acute myocardial infarction

Srčani udar ili akutni infarkt miokarda (AIM) smatra se bolešću kardiovaskularnog sustava. Nastaje potpunim prekidom protoka krvi kroz koronarnu arteriju. Najčešće nastaje iznenada, zbog začepljenja koronarne arterije ili njezinih ogranaka krvnim ugruškom koji se postupno stvara na površini krvne žile oštećene aterosklerozom. Aterosklerotski plakovi sužavaju promjer krvne žile, stvarajući podlogu na kojoj se lako može stvoriti krvni ugrušak i začepiti lumen (šupljinu) koronarne arterije. Glavni simptom AIM je bol u prsima. Bol je vrlo intenzivna, ima karakter pritiska, žarenja, peckanja u prsima, stezanja, lokalizirana je iza prsne kosti ili u žličici, može se širiti u lijevo rame i lijevu ruku te u oba ramena i obje ruke, može se pojaviti u leđima, rjeđe u vratu ili donjoj čeljusti. Dijagnoza AIM postavlja se na temelju anamneze, promjena na EKG-u i laboratorijskih nalaza. U završnom radu će biti prikazani faktori rizika AIM, klinička slika, dijagnostika i liječenje AIM, sestrinske dijagnoze i intervencije za bolesnika oboljelog od AIM te sestrinske vještine i znanja kardiopulmonarne reanimacije. Sestrinska skrb je sastavni dio procesa liječenja, stoga je važno da medicinska sestra koja radi s bolesnicima koji boluju od AIM posjeduje specifična znanja i vještina. Nadalje, sestrinske intervencije usmjerene su na oporavak bolesnika, prevenciju i uočavanje mogućih komplikacija bolesti, primjenu lijekova koji sprječavaju zgrušavanje krvi, edukaciju bolesnika, usvajanje pozitivnog zdravstvenog ponašanja i pripremu za otpust iz bolnice.Heart attack or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is considered a disease of the cardiovascular system. It is caused by complete interruption of blood flow through the coronary artery. Most often it occurs abruptly, due to blocked coronary arteries or its branches by a blood clot that gradually forms on the surface of the blood vessel damaged by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques narrow the diameter of the blood vessel, creating a surface on which a blood clot is easily formed and can clog the lumen (cavity) of the coronary artery. The main symptom of AIM is chest pain. The pain is very intense, has a character of pressure, annealing, chest burning, tightness, is localized behind the sternum or pectoral spoon, can spread into the left shoulder and arm and into both shoulders and both arms, can can occur in the back, less often in the neck or lower jaw. AIM diagnosis is made on the basis of medical history, changes in EKG and lab results. The final paper will present risk factors for AIM, clinical picture diagnostics and the treatment of AIM, nursing diagnoses and interventions for an AIM patient and nursing skills and knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Nursing care is an integral part of the treatment process, therefore it is important that the nurse that works with AIM patients has specific knowledge and skills. Furthermore, nursing interventions are focused on patient recovery, prevention and detection of the possible complications of the disease, administration of drugs that stop the blood from clotting, education of patients, acquisition of positive medical behavior and preparation for medical discharge