Determining water requirements for Black Box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) floodplain woodlands of high conservation value using drip-irrigation

Black Box (Eucalyptus largiflorens F. Muell.), is a keystone tree species of lowland semi-arid floodplain ecosystems in south-eastern Australia. E. largiflorens woodlands are of high conservation value and threatened by climate change-induced drought and irrigation water diversions due to their location on upper floodplain areas where flood frequency has declined. Water requirements of E. largiflorens have not been well quantified using empirical data. Accordingly, knowledge gaps exist in relation to volumes of environmental water required to maintain and improve ecological condition for disconnected floodplain woodlands. To further assist conservation and water resource management, we tested the use of drip irrigation to provide a variety of water regimes to experimental plots in order to monitor tree responses. Water was provided via irrigation delivery across four regimes representing known volumes of water, referred to as an environmental water provision, applied over a 22-week period for two Austral summers. Benefits to trees were identified by measuring transpiration and plant water status using sap flow sensors and a Scholander pressure chamber, respectively. Results indicate that volumes of 0.3, 0.4, 0.7 and 0.8 ML increased transpiration and improved plant water status in comparison to a control, with delivery recommended to commence early autumn. Greater volumes (1.4 ML), substantially increased transpiration and improved water status, especially when delivered at a rate of similar to 25 mm week(-1) compared to a monthly 'burst' which broadly represented natural, sporadic summer rainfall in the region. For an environmental watering provision of 25 mm week(-1), similar to 178 ha of E. largiflorens woodland can be watered with a 1 GL environmental water allocation. The study methods presented are relevant worldwide and our results further the collective understanding of the benefits environmental water provides to E. largiflorens.The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the BiodiversityFund of the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural ResourceManagement Board. We thank Riverland West Landcare and RebeccaTurner for their support and assistance; Treasury Wine Estates PtyLtd for provision of environmental water and for establishing andmaintaining the drip irrigation, led by Brendan Turner; Kelly Marsland(MDBA) and Kate Holland (CSIRO Land and Water, Adelaide) foradvice on experimental design; Kate Frahn (SARDI) and JodiePritchard (CSIRO) for field assistance; Martin Nolan and Sultan Umoru(CSIRO Land and Water, Adelaide) for GIS assistanc