Biomineralization and Magnetism of Uncultured Magnetotactic Coccus Strain THC-1 With Non-chained Magnetosomal Magnetite Nanoparticles

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) have long fascinated geologists and biologists because they biomineralize intracellular single domain (SD) magnetite crystals within magnetosomes that are generally organized into single or multiple chains. MTB remains in the geological record (magnetofossils) are ideal magnetic carriers and are used to reconstruct paleomagnetic and paleoenvironmental information. Here we studied the biomineralization and magnetic properties of magnetosomal magnetite produced by uncultured magnetotactic coccus strain THC-1, isolated from the Tanghe River, China, by combining transmission electron microscope (TEM) and rock magnetic approaches. Our results reveal that THC-1 produces hexagonal prismatic magnetite single crystals that are elongated along the [111] crystallographic direction. Most of the magnetite crystals within THC-1 are dispersed without obvious chain assembly. A whole-cell THC-1 sample yields a normal SD hysteresis loop and a Verwey transition temperature of ~112 K. In contrast to MTB cells with magnetosome chain(s), THC-1 cells have a teardrop first-order reversal curve distribution that is indicative of moderate interparticle interactions. Due to the absence of a magnetosome chain, THC-1 has relatively high values of the difference between the saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) below and above the Verwey transition temperature for field-cooled and zero field-cooled SIRM curves (δFC, δZFC) and a low δFC/δZFC value. Together with previous studies, our results demonstrate that some MTB species/strains can form magnetosomal magnetite without linear chain configurations. Magnetite produced by MTB has diverse magnetic properties, which are distinctive but not necessarily unique compared to other magnetite types. Therefore, combining bulk magnetic measurements and TEM observations remains necessary for identifying magnetofossils in the geological record.This study was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 41920104009, 41890843, and 41621004),the Senior User Project of RVKEXUE2019GZ06 (Center for Ocean Mega‐Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences), and the Australian Research Council (grants DP160100805 and DP200100765