ITS rDNA barcodes clarify molecular diversity of aquatic hyphomycetes

Aquatic hyphomycetes are key microbial decomposers of allochthonous organic matter in freshwater ecosystems. Although their importance in carbon flow and food webs in streams is widely recognized, there are still gaps in our understanding of their molecular diversity and distribution patterns. Our study utilized the growing database of ITS rDNA barcodes of aquatic hyphomycetes (1252 sequences) and aimed to (i) produce new barcodes for some lesser-known taxa; (ii) clarify the taxonomic placement of some taxa at the class or order level, based on molecular data; and (iii) provide insights into the biogeographical origins of some taxa. This study increased the number of aquatic hyphomycete species with available ITS barcodes from 119 (out of ~300 species described) to 136. Phylogenetically, the 136 species were distributed between 2 phyla, 6 classes, and 10 orders of fungi. Future studies should strive to increase the database of ITS sequences, especially focusing on species with unclear phylogenetic relationships (incertae sedis) and with few sequences available. The geographical distribution of species with available ITS sequences included 50 countries from five continents, but 6 countries had more than 20 species associated, showing a bias toward the northern hemisphere, likely due to sampling bias.This work is supported by the project STREAMECO—Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning under climate change: from the gene to the stream: PTDC/CTA-AMB/31245/2017 funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and by the “Contrato-Programa” UIDB/04050/2020 funded by national funds through the FCT I.P. Additional support from the National Science Foundation (NSF DEB-1655797) to V.G. is gratefully acknowledged