Time symmetry in quantum theories and beyond

There is a stark tension among different formulations of quantum theory in that some are fundamentally time-symmetric and others are radically time-asymmetric. This tension is crisply captured when thinking of physical theories as theories of processes. We review process theories and their diagrammatic representation, and show how quantum theory can be described in this language. The tension between time-symmetry and time-asymmetry is then captured by the tension between two of the key structures that are used in this framework. On the one hand, the symmetry is captured by a dagger structure, which is represented by a reflection of diagrams. On the other hand, the asymmetry is captured by a condition involving discarding which, ultimately, is responsible for the theory being compatible with relativistic causality. Next we consider three different ways in which we this tension can be resolved. The first of these is closely related to recent work of Lucien Hardy, where the tension is resolved by adding in a time reversed version of discarding together with a suitable consistency condition. The second is, to our knowledge, a new approach. Here the tension is resolved by adding in new systems which propagate backwards in time, and imposing a consistency condition to avoid running into well known time-travel paradoxes. The final approach that we explore is closely related to work of Oreshkov and Cerf, where the tension is resolved by removing the constraint associated with discarding. We show two equivalent ways in which this can be done whilst ensuring that the resulting theory still makes sensible operational predictions.Comment: 38 pages, many diagrams, comments welcome