Endocrine outcome and seminal parameters in young adult men born with hypospadias : a cross-sectional cohort study

Background Hypospadias affects around 1/200 newborn males. Intrauterine testicular dysfunction may underlie a subset of cases. The long-term endocrine and reproductive outcomes in these men remain largely unknown. Methods Cross-sectional study in Ghent and Vienna University Hospitals to assess the endocrine and seminal parameters of young adult men (16-21 years) born with non-syndromic hypospadias (NSH) (n =193) compared to healthy typical males (n = 50). Assessments included physical exam, semen analysis, hormone assays and exomebased gene panel analysis (474 genes). Findings All participants had experienced a spontaneous puberty, in spite of higher LH and INSL3 levels than typical males. Oligo-or azoospermia was observed in 32/172 (18.6%; 99%-CI: 12.2-27.4%) of NSH men; but in 5/16 (31.3%; 99%-CI: 11.1;62.4%) of complex NSH men and in 13/22 (59.1%; 99%-CI: 33.2-80.7%) of those born small for gestational age (SGA). No (likely) pathogenic coding variants were found in the investigated genes. Suboptimal statural growth affected 8/23 (34.8%; 99%-CI: 15.4-61.0%) of men born SGA with NSH. Interpretation Spermatogenesis is significantly compromised in NSH men, especially in those born SGA or those with complex NSH. Long-term andrological follow-up is recommended, including end-pubertal semen analysis. No clear monogenic causes could be demonstrated in our cohort even in proximal or complex NSH. Being born SGA with NSH is frequently associated with poor catch-up growth, requiring growth hormone therapy in some. Funding Research grants from the European Society of Paediatric Endocrinology, the Belgian Society of Pediatrics, the Belgian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO). Copyright (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V