Mechanistic flexibility of the retrosplenial cortex enables its contribution to spatial cognition

The retrosplenial cortex (RC) is a brain structure crucial for spatial navigation and memory. It contains neurons such as \(\underline{head}\) \(\underline{direction}\) \(\underline{cells}\), border cells, as well as other cells supporting spatial and contextual encoding. How such complex and diverse neuronal properties are generated by RC microcircuitry and how they jointly orchestrate subsequent behavior remains enigmatic. Here, we consider recent findings that extend current knowledge about how the RC modulates spatial navigation and spatial cognition. We argue that the integrative properties of RC allow the combination of idiothetic cues, spatial relations (allocentric and egocentric), and environmental features (landmarks, boundaries, etc.) into a spatial map that can dynamically support goal-directed navigation. Furthermore, the mnemonic functions of RC suggest its possible role in autobiographical information storage