Justice and home affairs in EU–Turkey relations: <br>Mutual interests but much distrust

Cooperation in justice and home affairs (JHA) is of mutual interest to the EU and Turkey. For the EU, cooperation is important because Turkey has become one of the main transit routes for irregular migration to the EU. In 2013 and 2014, arrivals to the EU directly from Turkey numbered 25,121 and 52,994 respectively. In 2015, this number increased almost sixteenfold, to 888,457. Around 98 percent of irregular entries occurred via the Greek islands from the nearby Turkish Aegean coast, often facilitated by smugglers. The remaining 2 percent entered via Turkey’s land border with Greece and Bulgaria (European Commission 2016a: 79–80). In addition, cooperation is also important in the fight against organized crime and terrorism. For Turkey, in turn, this cooperation is important for burdensharing reasons, since the country’s transformation from a migrant-sending country into a transit and immigration country (Içduygu 2011) has generated high costs. Up until October 2015 Turkey spent $8 billion on hosting almost three million Syrian refugees, of which international contributions comprise less than half a billion, with the EU’s share constituting only one-third of this sum (Kirişçi 2015). Consequently, Turkey has an interest in deeper cooperation with the EU. This chapter looks at three venues for EU–Turkey cooperation:(1) the accession process;(2) the initiated visa liberalization process in December 2013; and (3) the March 2016 EU–Turkey refugee statement. For each venue, developments and main scholarly debates are summarized