The Evaluation of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FOXO1 in Orofacial Cleft Tissue

Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by Riga Stradins University, Project 5-1/384/2020 “The complex research on the interrelation between tissue remodeling, tissue phenotype, and inflammation in most common craniofacial anomalies in Latvia”. Tissue samples were provided by Professor Ilze Akota. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Although cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital anomalies worldwide, the morphopathogenesis of non-syndromic orofacial clefts is still unclear. Many candidate genes have been proposed to play a causal role; however, only a few have been confirmed, leaving many still to be assessed. Taking into account the significance of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FOXO1 in embryogenesis, the aim of this work was to detect and compare the three candidate genes in cleft-affected lip and palatine tissue. Ten soft tissue samples were taken during cheiloplasty and veloplasty. The signals of the candidate genes were visualized using chromogenic in situ hybridization and analyzed using a semi-quantitative method. No statistically important difference in the distribution of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FOXO1 between neither the patients’ lip and vomer mucosa nor the control group was observed. Statistically significant very strong and strong correlations were found between genes in the lip and palatine tissue. The expression of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FOXO1 in cleft-affected lip and palatine tissue seems to be highly individual. Numerous intercorrelations between the genes do not exclude their role in the possible complex morphopathogenesis of orofacial clefts.publishersversionPeer reviewe