Fetal MRI of the cardiovascular system: role of steady-state free precession sequences for the evaluation of normal and pathological appearances

Purpose. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequences to visualise the normal and pathological appearances of the cardiovascular system. Materials and methods. This is a prospective observational study of 83 pregnant women who underwent fetal cardiac MRI: 43 patients (cases) had echocardiographic suspicion of congenital heart disease; 40 patients (controls) did not. Fetal cardiac MRI consisted of a static phase with multiplanar SSFP sequences and a dynamic phase with real-time SSFP sequences. Two radiologists evaluated the diagnostic quality of the SSFP images in both the controls and cases, the MRI morphological and functional features in the controls and the MRI signs of congenital heart disease in the cases. Results. In both groups, SSFP sequences produced good-quality MR images and good visualisation of morphological features. Functional data appeared to be unavailable due to the current small temporal resolution and the technical impossibility of fetal cardiac triggering. MRI detected direct signs of congenital heart disease in 21 fetuses, indirect signs in six and both signs in 15. Conclusions. SSFP sequences are effective in demonstrating the morphological features of the cardiovascular system, whereas dynamic SSFP cine-MRI sequences may provide adjunctive albeit suboptimal functional information