Low-energy scanning transmission electron microscopy applied to ice-embedded biological macromolecules

In this report, we applied annular bright-field (ABF) and annular dark-field (ADF) low-energy (30 keV) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging to a vitreous ice-embedded biological macromolecule, T4 phage, to investigate the applicability of these methods for morphological investigation and sample screening. Multiple camera lengths were examined to find the optimal acceptance angle for both modes. Image clarity differed substantially between the modes, with the presence of ice also strongly influencing the quality of acquired micrographs. In ADF mode, the proper discrimination of electrons scattered by the specimen from those scattered by the background ice was found to be difficult owing to the severe overlap of the scattered electrons. The resulting micrographs lacked clarity, and the ice-embedded phage particles could only be discerned after post-processing image adjustment. However, in ABF mode, despite similar overlapping of the scattered electrons, it was possible to assess the morphology and intactness of the specimen in the embedding ice, suggesting that this mode may find utility in low-energy cryo-STEM imaging methods