Association of anatomical defects of the inferior vena cava and gonadal veins with pelvic varicose veins

Knowledge of the clinical and anatomical variations of the pelvic venous system plays a significant role in the diagnosis and transcatheter methods of treatment of pelvic varicose veins. The most important characteristics of gonadal veins are identified by phlebography of the inferior vena cava and pelvic veins. These characteristics should be taken into account during endovascular interventions in order to avoid possible complications. © 2021, ČKS