On the Convergence of the ELBO to Entropy Sums

The variational lower bound (a.k.a. ELBO or free energy) is the central objective for many learning algorithms including algorithms for deep unsupervised learning. Learning algorithms change model parameters such that the variational lower bound increases, and until the parameters are close to a stationary point of the learning dynamics. In this purely theoretical contribution, we show that (for a very large class of generative models) the variational lower bound is at all stationary points of learning equal to a sum of entropies. For models with one set of latents and one set observed variables, the sum consists of three entropies: (A) the (average) entropy of the variational distributions, (B) the negative entropy of the model's prior distribution, and (C) the (expected) negative entropy of the observable distributions. The obtained result applies under realistic conditions including: finite numbers of data points, at any stationary points (including saddle points) and for any family of (well behaved) variational distributions. The class of generative models for which we show the equality to entropy sums contains many (and presumably most) standard generative models (including deep models). As concrete examples we discuss probabilistic PCA and Sigmoid Belief Networks. The prerequisites we use to show equality to entropy sums are relatively mild. Concretely, the distributions of a given generative model have to be of the exponential family (with constant base measure), and a model has to satisfy a parameterization criterion (which is usually fulfilled). Proving the equality of the ELBO to entropy sums at stationary points (under the stated conditions) is the main contribution of this work.Comment: 22 page