Seven-Year Changes in Bulk Density Following Forest Harvesting and Machine Trafficking in Alberta, Canada

Processes responsible for natural recovery of compacted forest soils are poorly understood, making estimating their recovery problematic. Bulk density was measured over 7 years at nine boreal forest sites in Alberta, Canada, where harvest-only and three skidding treatments were installed (~10,000 samples). Air and soil temperatures, soil moisture and redox potential, and snow depth were also measured on the harvest-only and adjacent seven-cycle skid trail. Significant increases in bulk density occurred when the soil water potential was wetter than −25 kPa. After 1 year, an additional significant increase in bulk density of 0.03 Mg m−3 was measured across all treatments, soil depths, and sites. The increase is attributed to the soil mechanics process of rebound and disruption of soil biological processes. By year 7, the secondary increase in bulk density had recovered in trafficked soil, but not on the harvest-only area. Some soil freezing had no effect on bulk density, which was moderated by the depth of the snowpack. The array of soil physical processes, soil texture, water supply, mechanics of water freezing in soil, and weather required to make soil freezing an effective decompacting agent did not occur. The shrink–swell process was not relevant because the soils remained wet. As a result, the bulk density of the trafficked soil failed to recover after 7 years to a depth of 20 cm. The freeze–thaw process as a decompaction agent is far more complex than commonly assumed, and its effectiveness cannot be assumed because soil temperatures below 0 °C are measured