Optimization of Callus and Cell Suspension Cultures of <i>Lycium schweinfurthii</i> for Improved Production of Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity

Lycium schweinfurthii is a traditional medicinal plant grown in the Mediterranean region. As it is used in folk medicine to treat stomach ulcers, it took more attention as a source of valuable secondary metabolites. The in vitro cultures of L. schweinfurthii could be a great tool to produce secondary metabolites at low costs. The presented study aimed to introduce and optimize a protocol for inducing callus and cell suspension cultures as well as estimating phenolic, flavonoid compounds, and antioxidant activity in the cultures of the studied species. Three plant growth regulators (PGRs) were supplemented to MS medium solely or in combination to induce callus from leaf explants. The combination between 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 1-naphthyl acetic acid (NAA) induced callus in all explants regardless of the concentration. The highest fresh weight of callus (3.92 g) was obtained on MS medium fortified with 1 mg L−1 of both 2,4-D and NAA (DN1) after 7 weeks of culture. DN1 was the best medium for callus multiplication regarding the increase in fresh weight and size of callus. Otherwise, the highest phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity against DPPH free radicals were of callus on MS fortified with 2 mg L−1 NAA (N2). The cell suspension cultures were cultivated on a liquid N2 medium with different sucrose concentrations of 5–30 g L−1 to observe the possible effects on cells’ multiplication and secondary metabolite production. The highest fresh and viable biomass of 12.01 g was obtained on N2 containing 30 g L−1 sucrose. On the other hand, the cell cultures on N2 medium of 5 and 30 g L−1 sucrose produced phenolics and flavonoids, and revealed antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals more than other sucrose concentrations. The presented protocol should be useful in the large-scale production of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from callus and cell cultures of L. schweinfurthii