Low-level jets over the Arctic Ocean during MOSAiC

We present an annual characterization of low-level jets (LLJs) over the Arctic Ocean using wind profiles from radiosondes launched during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate expedition, from October 2019 through September 2020. Our results show LLJs to be common throughout the entire year, with a mean annual frequency of occurrence of more than 40%, a typical height below 400 m, peaking at 120–180 m, and speed between 6 and 14 m s–1. Jet characteristics show some seasonal variability: During winter and the freeze-up period, they are more common and faster, with an average occurrence of 55% and speeds of 8–16 m s–1, while in summer and the transition period, they have a mean occurrence of 46% and speeds of 6–10 m s–1. They have a similar height all year, with a peak between 120 and 180 m. The ERA5 reanalysis shows a similar frequency of occurrence, but a 75 m high bias in altitude, and a small, 0.28 m s–1, slow bias in speed. The height biases are greater in the transition period, more than 130 m, while the bias in speed is similar all year. Examining jets in ERA5 over the full year and whole Arctic Ocean, we find that the frequency of occurrence depends strongly on both the season and the distance to the sea-ice edge