Combined organic and inorganic source apportionment on yearlong ToF-ACSM dataset at a suburban station in Athens

The current improvements in aerosol mass spectrometers in resolution and sensitivity, and the analytical tools for mass spectra deconvolution, have enabled the in-depth analysis of ambient organic aerosol (OA) properties. Although OA constitutes a major fraction of ambient aerosol, its properties are determined to a great extent by the mixing characteristics of both organic and inorganic components of ambient aerosol. This work applies a new methodology to a year-long ACSM dataset to assess the sources of organic and total non-refractory species in the Athens background aerosol and provides insights into the interactions between organic and inorganic species. The use of innovative tools for applying positive matrix factorization (PMF, rolling window) enables the study of the temporal variability of the contribution of these sources and seasonal changes in their composition. The mass spectra of both organic and inorganic aerosol were obtained by a time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (ToF-ACSM) for PMF analysis. The results revealed five factors when organic aerosol was analysed separately. Three of them were primary OA factors: hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), cooking-related organic aerosol (COA) and biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA). The remaining two were secondary, less and more oxidized oxygenated organic aerosol (LO-OOA and MO-OOA respectively). The relative contributions of these factors were HOA 15 %, COA 18 %, BBOA 9 %, MO-OOA 34 % and LO-OOA 24 % (yearly averaged). When a combined organic and inorganic aerosol matrix was analysed, two additional factors were identified that were mainly composed of ammonium sulfate (83.5 %) and ammonium nitrate (73 %). Moreover, two secondary factors were resolved, containing both organics and inorganics and were named more (MOA) and less oxidized aerosol (LOA). The relative contributions on a yearly average of these factors were HOA 7 %, COA 9 %, BBOA 3 %, ammonium nitrate 3 %, ammonium sulfate 28 %, MOA 24 % and LOA 26 %