Evidence for reciprocal network interactions between injured hearts and cancer

Heart failure (HF) and cancer are responsible for 50% of all deaths in middle-aged people. These diseases are tightly linked, which is supported by recent epidemiological studies and case control studies, demonstrating that HF patients have a higher risk to develop cancer such as lung and breast cancer. For HF patients, a one-size-fits-all clinical management strategy is not effective and patient management represents a major economical and clinical burden. Anti-cancer treatments-mediated cardiotoxicity, leading to HF have been extensively studied. However, recent studies showed that even before the initiation of cancer therapy, cancer patients presented impairments in the cardiovascular functions and exercise capacity. Thus, the optimal cardioprotective and surveillance strategies should be applied to cancer patients with pre-existing HF. Recently, preclinical studies addressed the hypothesis that there is bilateral interaction between cardiac injury and cancer development. Understanding of molecular mechanisms of HF-cancer interaction can define the profiles of bilateral signaling networks, and identify the disease-specific biomarkers and possibly therapeutic targets. Here we discuss the shared pathological events, and some treatments of cancer- and HF-mediated risk incidence. Finally, we address the evidences on bilateral connection between cardiac injury (HF and early cardiac remodeling) and cancer through secreted factors (secretoms