Interdigitated immunoglobulin arrays form the hyperstable surface layer of the extremophilic bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans

Deinococcus radiodurans is an atypical diderm bacterium with a remarkable ability to tolerate various environmental stresses, partly because of its complex cell envelope encapsulated within a hyperstable surface layer (S-layer). Despite decades of research into this cell envelope, atomic structural details of the S-layer have remained obscure. In this study, we report the electron cryomicroscopy structure of the D. radiodurans S-layer, showing how it is formed by the Hexagonally Packed Intermediate-layer (HPI) protein arranged in a planar hexagonal lattice. The HPI protein forms an array of immunoglobulin-like folds within the S-layer, with each monomer extending into the adjoining hexamer, leading to a highly interconnected, stable, sheet-like arrangement. Using electron cryotomography and subtomogram averaging from focused ion beam-milled D. radiodurans cells, we obtained a structure of the cellular S-layer, showing how this HPI S-layer coats native membranes on the surface of cells. Our S-layer structure from the diderm bacterium D. radiodurans shows similarities to immunoglobulin-like domain-containing S-layers from monoderm bacteria and archaea, highlighting shared traits in cell surface organization across different domains of life, with connotations on the evolution of immunoglobulin-based molecular recognition systems in eukaryotes