Imaging of canine neoplastic reproductive disorders

Diagnostic imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis and management of reproductive neoplasia in dogs and cats. The initial diagnosis, staging, and planning of surgical and ra-diation treatment and the response to therapy all involve imaging to varying degrees. Routine ra-diographs, ultrasound, nuclear medicine, and cross‐sectional imaging in the form of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are routinely used in canine reproductive disorders. The choice of imaging modality depends on many factors, including the level of referral and the pathological information required. The biological behaviour of the tumour also guides the choice of imaging in cancer staging, and imaging may play an important role in guiding serial tumour biopsy during the course of therapy. The sophistication of imaging modalities is in-creasing exponentially. Each modality has advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, availa-bility, sensitivity, specificity, and qualities of anatomic versus functional imaging