Negotiating with terrorists in hostage-taking cases: application of the BCSM and REACCT models

Več kot tri četrtine držav na svetu je v zadnjih desetih letih doživelo vsaj en teroristični napad ali dejanje, v zadnjih desetletjih pa so teroristične organizacije okrepile uporabo taktike zajemanja talcev. Čeprav so mnenja akademske sfere na to temo razdeljena, pogajanja ostajajo eden izmed stebrov strategij protiterorizma, predvsem v primerih zajemanja talcev. Teoretiki diplomatskih in pogajalskih študij in raziskovalci terorizma ter protiterorizma že več desetletij razpravljajo o tem, ali so pogajanja s terorističnimi skupinami legitimna in produktivna, medtem ko policijski organi vedo, da so mirni načini reševanja kriz realna in skoraj nujna možnost, kadar so ogrožena človeška življenja. Ker krizna pogajanja s teroristi, ki so zajeli talce, vodijo v zapletene in napete scenarije, so policijske in preiskovalne službe sčasoma razvile niz osnovnih pravil in načel, ki so lahko pogajalcu v pomoč. Čeprav za vodenje pogajanj v primerih zajetja talcev ne obstaja določen recept, pogajalci upoštevajo vrsto smernic in načel ter uporabljajo določene metode, kot sta modela BCSM/BISM in REACCT. V magistrskem delu sem izvedla primerjavo pogajalskih procesov na primerih terorističnega napada na olimpijskih igrah v Münchnu (1972), v moskovskem gledališču Dubrovka (2002), v Beslanu (2004) in zajetja talcev na ulici Balcombe v Londonu (1975), ki je pokazala, da sledenje pravilom in načelom kriznih pogajanj lahko privede do mirne razrešitve krizne situacije.More than three-quarters of the world\u27s countries have experienced at least one terrorist attack or act in the last ten years, and terrorist organisations have increased their use of hostage-taking tactics in recent decades. Although academia is divided on the issue, negotiations remain one of the pillars of counter-terrorism strategies, especially in hostage-taking cases. Diplomatic and negotiation theorists, and terrorism and counter-terrorism researchers, have debated for decades whether negotiations with terrorist groups are legitimate and productive. However, police authorities know that peaceful ways of resolving crises are a realistic and almost necessary option when human lives are at stake. As crisis negotiations with hostage-taking terrorists lead to complex and tense scenarios, police and investigative services have developed over time a set of basic rules and principles that can help the negotiator. Although there is no set recipe for conducting negotiations in hostage situations, negotiators follow a set of guidelines and principles and use certain methods, such as the BCSM/BISM and REACCT models. Comparing the negotiation processes employed during the terrorist attack at the Munich Olympics (1972), the Dubrovka Theatre in Moscow (2002), Beslan (2004) and the siege on Balcombe Street in London (1975), it is clear that following the rules and principles of crisis negotiation can lead to a peaceful resolution of the crisis situation