Robust TCO’s for CIGS solar cells based on indium tin oxide

The increasing energy demand, combined with the use of harmful non-renewable energy sources calls for the search of alternative methods to cover our energy need.Renewable energy can be harvested in different ways, through the movement of wind and water, biomass, or directly from the rays of the sun, as in the case of photovoltaic (PV) devices. Whilst crystalline silicon (c-Si) is the most common absorber used for solar cells, other technologies are emerging. Solar cells with copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) as an absorber have the possibility of being flexible, which is an advantage due to the many more application possibilities that appear compared to the rigid and heavy c-Si solar cells. CIGS solar cells have some long-term stability issues, especially regarding ingression of atmospheric species through the front contact layer. This calls for further research in the front contact of the CIGS solar cell, exploring alternative materials to prevent degradation. The front contact of a solar cell must be both optically transparent and conduct electricity. Transparent conductive oxides (TCO) are materials characterized by the ability to conduct electricity, while also possessing a certain degree of optical transparency. The combination of conductivity and transparency makes TCOs ideal as front contacts in solar cells. A very common TCO for front contacts in CIGS solar cells is aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) due to its low cost, good electrical conductivity and optical transparency. Because of its low resistance to degradation in humid environments more robust TCO alternatives, such as indium-doped tin oxide (ITO), are being investigated. Indium-doped tin oxide possesses similar electrical and optical properties as AZO, but better stability in humid environments.The ITO was deposited through RF magnetron sputtering, on a glass substrate to be able to measure optical properties. Initially, experiments focusing on oxygen content in the deposition atmosphere were done, together with a reproducibility experiment. This gave useful information about sputtering parameters and stability of the deposition. Thereon, an experiment was done varying three parameters: oxygen content in deposition atmosphere, sputtering power and temperature of substrate. A statistical software was used to analyze the data, identifying the effects of the changing parameters. The best performing samples were made with an oxygen content of 0,4-0,6 vol%. A high sensibility for oxygen in the system was also observed, as a result of the initial reproducibility experiments. This led to the introduction of a sacrificial deposition step after the machine had been shut down. Optimal substrate temperature was around 150°Cand it was not possible to go higher due to sensibility of the underlying solar cell layers.A lower threshold for the film thickness, located somewhere between 125 and 175 nm, was observed. Films with thickness below this threshold experienced a large resistivityincrease. Further depositions with higher oxygen content are advised to see if the properties of the films further improve