Ketamine as a part of anaesthetic management in a dog with twiddler's syndrome

An 11-year-old male German shepherd dog was referred for possible pacemaker implantation. A routine 6-lead electrocardiogram revealed a third-degree atrio-ventricular block with a heart rate of 40 to 45beats/minute. A transvenous pacemaker implantation procedure was scheduled. The dog was premedicated with 10 μg/kg acepromazine and 5 mg/kg pethidine. A dose of 5 mg/kg ketamine and 0·2mg/kg diazepam were used for induction and isoflurane in O2 and a constant rate infusion of ketamine (20 to 30 μg/kg/minute) were administered for maintenance of general anaesthesia. Due to a twiddler's syndrome, the pacemaker had to be repositioned. For the second procedure, the same protocol was employed except for a lower dose of ketamine both for induction (3 mg/kg) and constant rate infusion (10 to 15 μg/kg/minute). Ketamine appeared to be useful for both management of anaesthesia and cardiac pacemaker implantation in the absence of a temporary pacemake