Uncertainties in modelling the low-frequency wave-induced global loads in ships

The present paper targets uncertainties of wave-induced rigid-body ship responses with a focus on global wave loads. The review presents general concepts and modelling of the uncertainty in linear and non-linear low-frequency wave-induced loads. The relevance of these uncertainties for practical applications in the shipping industry as the rule development process, ship structural reliability analysis, uncertainty-based decision support systems, structural health monitoring and consequently, ship digital twins are addressed. Incentives and recommendations for future research are provided. The study is performed within the ISSC (International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress) and ITTC (International Towing Tank Conference) Joint Committee promoting a common understanding of matters related to modelling uncertainties in the description of waves and wave-induced responses of marine structures.Peer reviewe