Partnership choice and childbearing in Norway and Spain

Includes supplementary materials for the online appendix.Cohabitation has, in a number of countries, become a genuine alternative to marriage. Where this occurs, will we see a convergence in fertility behavior between the two partnership options? We address this question by comparing two societies, Norway and Spain, that contrast sharply not only in the evolution of cohabitation, but also in overall birth rates and public support for families. Using the Generations and Gender Survey for Norway (2007/2008) and the most recent Fertility, Family and Values Survey for Spain (2006), we estimate a three-equation multi-process model for selection into a union and fertility in order to take into account unobserved heterogeneity. For Norway, we find a significant association between selection into either partnership type and fertility, whereas for Spain, a newcomer to cohabitation, we find a significant association between fertility and selection into marriage.We would like to thank both the anonymous reviewers. We are especially grateful to Mathew Creighton for his valuable contributions to an early version of this paper. This study was supported by the Spanish Research Council (Grant CSO2013-43461-R and by Gøsta Esping-Andersen’s Advanced ERC Grant (No. 269387)