«Вікно можливостей?»: гендерна ситуація на хвилі революційної політики з лютого 1917 р. в Україні

Статтю присвячено гендерній ситуації в Україні, що склалася після революції в лютому 1917 р. в Петрограді. На основі гендерного підходу при дослідженні періодичних видань 1917 р. та поняття «вікно можливостей», простежено, як жінки оскаржували свої виборчі права та як складалася сприятлива ситуація для включення їх у виборчий процес на законній основі. Доведено, що надання виборчих прав жінкам сприяло зміні звичних гендерних моделей та створило нові зразки громадянської поведінки та професійної діяльності жінок.Despite the women’s insufficient representation in Ukrainian political life, they still have achieved particular progress towards establishing equality. Nevertheless, the Soviet heritage retains a paternalistic vision of law regarding gender equality. Little is known about processes when women contested and won over previous discriminatory practices. In this article, I use the notion «window of opportunities » to study the gender status after the revolution in February of 1917. The main idea is to view this period as favorable for the law codification and political resolution of such socially pressing issue as the electoral rights for women. Using the gender perspective in studying the periodicals of 1917, I establish the chronology of women’s protests and appeals, analyze how effective those were, and trace connections with the ideas of democratic transformations. Viewing the status of the government after the revolution as temporary and transitional, I identify it as a less aggressive and «masculine» model of power. Within its framework, men as a group allow women as a group a right to express themselves and to satisfy their interests. Women were heard by the men, who were interested in redesigning society. I provide evidence that the desire to acquire electoral rights, that women had been accumulating over a long time, inspired the feeling of an opportunity and radicalized women’s demands. Solidarizing with each other, women stepped up as a single front and managed to achieve electoral rights. It is the aggregate of these phenomena that created the «window of opportunities», in which the electoral rights for women appeared socially and politically acceptable. In the end, the formal (at first glance) inclusion of women into the process of elections had more profound consequences. Traditional gender models broke, and new gender patterns of women’s civic stance and professional activities emerged. They extended the spectrum of gender behaviors and shifted the focus in political discussions. The political elites actively discussed the participation of marginal groups in state-building, as well as the extent to which various groups, including the proverbial «housewives,» could be engaged. Further events of October-November of 1917 and rise of the Bolshevik government in Ukraine showed that «the frame of the window» could shift, the space of opportunities could be modified, narrowed by a class dimension. The notion of «emancipation» could transform into «alleviating the strains.» Feminist egalitarianism was replaced with the Party’s paternalism. The gender setting progressed into a different set of rules and principles, aimed at engagement in mass production