Nonylphenol and octylphenol differently affect cell redox balance by modulating the nitric oxide signaling

Nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) are pervasive environmental contaminants belonging to the broader class of compounds known as alkylphenols, with potential human toxic effects. Classified as "xenoestrogens," NP and OP are able to interfere with the cell endocrine physiology via a direct interaction with the estrogen receptors. Here, using HepG2 cells in culture, the changes of the cell redox balance and mitochondrial activity induced by OP and NP have been investigated at mu M concentrations, largely below those provoking acute toxicity, as those typical of environmental contaminants. Following 24 h cell exposure to both OP and NP, ROS production appeared significantly increased (p <= 0.01), together with the production of higher NO oxides (p = 0.003) and peroxynitrated protein-derivatives (NP versus CTR, p = 0.003). The mitochondrial proton electrochemical potential gradient instead was decreased (p <= 0.05), as the oxygen consumption by complex IV, particularly following incubation with NP (NP versus CTR, p = 0.017). Consistently, the RT-PCR and Western blot analyses proved that the OP and NP can modulate to a different extent the expression of the inducible NOS (NP versus CTR, p <= 0.01) and the endothelial NOS (OP versus CTR, p <= 0.05), with a significant variation of the coupling efficiency of the latter (NP versus CTR, p <= 0.05), a finding that may provide a novel clue to understand the specific xenoestrogenic properties of OP and NP