On extended boundary sequences of morphic and Sturmian words

peer reviewedGeneralizing the notion of the boundary sequence introduced by Chen and Wen, the $n$th term of the $\ell$-boundary sequence of an infinite word is the finite set of pairs $(u,v)$ of prefixes and suffixes of length $\ell$ appearing in factors $uyv$ of length $n+\ell$ ($n\ge \ell\ge 1$). Otherwise stated, for increasing values of $n$, one looks for all pairs of factors of length $\ell$ separated by $n-\ell$ symbols. For the large class of addable numeration systems $U$, we show that if an infinite word is $U$-automatic, then the same holds for its $\ell$-boundary sequence. In particular, they are both morphic (or generated by an HD0L system). We also provide examples of numeration systems and $U$-automatic words with a boundary sequence that is not $U$-automatic. In the second part of the paper, we study the $\ell$-boundary sequence of a Sturmian word. We show that it is obtained through a sliding block code from the characteristic Sturmian word of the same slope. We also show that it is the image under a morphism of some other characteristic Sturmian word