Starlink Mega Constellation Satellite: Between Astronomy and Freedom of Exploration Principle

In the era of space commercialization, the State is no longer acted as sole actor in international space activities; instead, private companies such as SpaceX, and OneWeb are engaged in space activities. The Starlink Mega constellation satellites is one of the activities developed by SpaceX to provide internet services that can reach remote areas and provide faster internet access than before. As a result, this activity requires a large number of satellites. While this has been guaranteed and permitted under the freedom of exploration principle, it has the potential to cause harm to other parties, including astronomical scientists conducting space observations via observatories. Recalling, Indonesia is one of the countries with multiple observatories, including the Timau observatory, the largest in Southeast Asia, therefore, the Indonesian government have an interest to protect its skies from the Starlink mega constellation satellite impact. Additionally, the legal vacuum related to the regulation and governance of a large number of satellite launches being other concerned that need to be resolved. This study employs normative juridical research methods as well as statutory and conceptual approaches. This study will examine the limitations of the principle of freedom of exploration and will identify Indonesia's interests in preserving dark and quiet skies. As a result, it is necessary to revisit the freedom of exploration principle in order to avoid any negative impact on other space activities and need to establish global space governance on large number satellites launches which may initiate by the Indonesian government