Non-parasitic diseases of olive

Several abiotic diseases are of primary significance for growing olive trees in warm-temperate regions of the world. Diseases caused by environmental stresses including temperature, light, moisture, soil, and air are generally poorly understood and often completely unrecognized in olive which is considered a crop of marginal lands. The condition may be a lack/excess of an essential nutrient or excess of non-essential elements; it may be an unsatisfactory environment: too cold or hot, too wet or dry, or too windy; there may be unsuitable soil characteristics such as poor physical condition, improper pH, and so on. Also pollution in the environment and climatic extremes like lightning, hail and snow can cause heavy losses to olive. This review focuses on the most important diseases of olive caused by stresses of the physical and chemical environment in an integrated view of their interactions with plant healthiness, production, and qualit