Deeper Insight into Depth Profiling of Aqueous Solutions Using Photoelectron Spectroscopy

X ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS is widely used to probe properties such as molecular stoichiometry, microscopic distributions relative to the surface by so called depth profiling , and molecular orientation. Such studies usually rely on the core level photoionization cross sections being independent of molecular composition. The validity of this assumption has recently been questioned, as a number of gas phase molecules have been shown to exhibit photon energy dependent nonstochiometric intensity oscillations arising from EXAFS like modulations of the photoionization cross section. We have studied this phenomenon in trichloroethanol in both gas phase and dissolved in water. The gas phase species exhibits pronounced intensity oscillations, similar to the ones observed for other gas phase molecules. These oscillations are also observed for the dissolved species, implying that the effect has to be taken into account when performing depth profiling experiments of solutions and other condensed matter systems. The similarity between the intensity oscillations for gas phase and dissolved species allows us to determine the photoelectron kinetic energy of maximum surface sensitivity, amp; 8776;100 eV, which lies in the range of pronounced intensity oscillation