Nucleation and phase formation during reactive magnetron co sputtering of Cu In,Ga S 2 films, investigated by in situ EDXRD

Energy dispersive X ray diffraction EDXRD has been used to observe in situ the formation of Cu In,Ga 2 CIGS films during reactive magnetron co sputtering. By simultaneous sputtering from a CuGa and an In target in an Ar H2S atmosphere the CIGS films, which can be used as absorber layers for thin film solar cells, can be grown in a single step without any post treatments. By carefully analyzing the in situ experiments, several effects have been found which should be considered during designing the recipe for an absorber deposition process in order to achieve CIGS films with the desired stoichiometry and good crystallinity. For instance substrate temperatures below 380 C should be used in order to achieve a sufficient condensation of In atoms which is needed to avoid the formation of intermetallic Cu Ga phases. Since, on the other hand, high substrate temperatures are necessary in order to grow large crystallites, a process which starts at a low temperature and has temperature ramp up later on is possible because In which is bound in the chalcopyrite phase evaporates only for much higher temperatures. These results demonstrate the opportunities of EDXRD for the real time analysis of the growth process of thin films which can provide information not obtainable by any ex situ characterization metho