Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures in Children and Adolescents

Though psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are seen commonly during evaluation of children and adolescents with epilepsy, the literature regarding developmental changes in PNES is limited. Evidence Acquisition: Literature search was conducted in PubMed. Key search terms included: Pseudoseizure* OR PNES OR [(non-epileptic or nonepileptic or psychogenic or non-epileptic attack disorder) AND (seizure*)], resulting in 3,236 articles. Filters included human, ages 1-18 years, English language and last 15 years (2004-2019), resulting in 533 articles. We reviewed 33 articles, which included 19 articles that involved children (1-18 years), with 10 or more children with PNES in their study group. 21 articles obtained in cross references that were outside the filter setting (including time frame and age range) were also reviewed, for a total of 54 articles. Results: Majority of the studies were retrospective. We detail clinical features, predisposing factors and appropriate workup for children and adolescents with possible PNES. There is no consensus regarding frequency of psychiatric comorbidities in children with PNES. No controlled trials of treatment of PNES in children are available, but cognitive behavioral therapy is the consensus for adult PNES. Outcome appears to be better in children with PNES. Conclusions: There is a need for be long-term prospective studies to document various clinical features and outcome of pediatric and adolescent PNES, and also the comorbid conditions