Reinforcement of EPDM rubber with in situ generated silica particles in the presence of a coupling agent via a sol–gel route

Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM)-silica (SiO2) composites were pre- pared by means of an in situ sol–gel process with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as precursor and bis-[-3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl]-tetrasulfide (TESPT) as coupling agent. Homogenous dispersion of the silica particles was observed in all cases, as well as good adhesion be- tween the filler and the matrix. The swelling and gel content results indicated that the number of crosslinks decreased, while the network was still extensive enough to maintain the high gel content. These results indicate that the coupling agent acted as a bridge be- tween the hydrophilic silica and the hydrophobic rubber and enhanced the rubber-silica interactions. This enhanced interaction gave rise to increased thermal stability of the EPDM. The values of the Nielsen model parameters, which gave rise to good agreement with the experimentally determined Young’s modulus values, indicate improved dispersion and reduced size of silica aggregates in the EPDM matrix. Good agreement was found between the storage modulus and Young’s modulus values. The filler effectiveness (Factor C) indicated a mechanical stiffening effect and a thermal stability contribution by the filler, while the damping reduction (DRNorm) values confirmed that the EPDM interacted strongly with the well dispersed silica particles, and the polymer chain mobility was restricted