Bacterial biofilms: role of quorum sensing and quorum quenching

Bacterial biofilms provide an adjustable strategy to manage themselves in the existing conditions. Biofilms of pathogenic bacteria act as a reservoir for various device and non-device related diseases which are tough to cure. Exposure to a high dose of antibiotics is not an appropriate solution to this problem as high antibiotic concentrations lead to the generation of Multi-drug resistant strains as well as affect the human body. So, it is needed to bypass the use of antibiotics to prevent bacterial biofilms. In this context, Quorum Sensing (QS) may be a potential target since biofilm formation is regulated by QS. N-acyl homoserine lactones (N-AHL) act as predominant QS signal molecules in Gram-negative bacteria. Counteraction of the QS-regulated activities using quorum quenching may be an alternative way to combat biofilm formation in bacteria. Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) and QQ enzymes play a significant role in this regard either by interference with the signal generation, perception, or by degradation, and chemical modification, respectively. Many quorum quenching enzymes have been reported from bacteria. Extremophilic bacteria have also been reported to produce potent quorum quenching enzymes which can effectively break down N-AHLs