Three pillars of Varroa control

The beekeeping sector is facing many challenges. One of the greatest is maintaining healthy colonies that produce high-quality products without any residues of veterinary medicines and with low environmental impact. The main enemy is the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, the most significant honeybee pest and a key factor in high colony losses worldwide. In the previous four decades, three pillars of Varroa control have crystallized to be essential for sustainable management: apitechnical measures, chemical treatments, and resistant stocks of honey bees. In the long term, the latter is probably the most sustainable as it is a step to self-sustaining populations of feral and managed colonies. We recognize the significance of progress in knowledge of all three pillars to conquer Varroa and of their successful usage in accordance with local and global conditions and capabilities. In this review, we present a possible integration of the components of the three pillars of Varroa control strategies in the light of sustainable beekeeping and provide their linkage to the production of high-quality and safe honeybee products and maintaining healthy colonies.European Research Area on Sustainable Animal Production Systems (ERA-Net SusAn); European UnionEuropean Commission [696231]This work was prepared in the context of the B-PRACTICE project funding from the European Research Area on Sustainable Animal Production Systems (ERA-Net SusAn), co-funded under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (www.era-susan.eu) under Grant Agreement No. 696231. Funding parties on the national level are presented in the table below