Impact of ICT and Globalization on Educational Attainment: Evidence from the New EU Member States

Education is a critical factor underlying the social and economic development of countries and their citizens. Therefore, the specification of factors affecting educational attainment is crucial for the planning and implementation of optimal educational policies. The objective of the article is to research the influence of information and communication technology (ICT), proxied by the ICT index and globalization index on educational attainment in the new EU Member States over the term of 2000-2018 by means of the causality and cointegration test. The causality test points out a unilateral causality from ICT to educational attainment and a bidirectional causality between ICT and globalization. In other words, ICT has a significant effect on educational attainment, but globalization influences educational attainment by way of ICT in the short term. On the other hand, the cointegration test uncovers a positive effect of ICT on educational attainment at panel level and in Croatia, Czechia, Poland, and Slovakia in the long term, while globalization has a positive effect on educational attainment in Bulgaria, Hungary, Lithuania, and Poland. The findings of the cointegration test also support those of the causality test and denote that both ICT and globalization can be effective instruments for improving educational attainment, depending on countries' current human and physical capital and education policies