Chromium(III, VI) speciation analysis with preconcentration on a maleic acid-functionalized XAD sorbent

Chromium may exist in environmental waters as Cr(III) and Cr(IV), the latter being the toxic and carcinogenic form. Since atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry can only yield information on total Cr concentration, a polymer resin bearing O,O-donor chelating groups such as the maleic acid-functionalized XAD-(CO)CH=CH-COOH resin was synthesized to selectively retain Cr(HI) at pH 4.0-5.5. The dynamic breakthrough capacity of the resin for Cr(HI) at pH 5.0 was 7.52mgg(-1), and the preconcentration factor extended to 250-300. Chromium(HI) in the presence of 250-fold Cr(VI)-which was not retained-could be effectively preconcentrated on the NH4+-form of the resin and determined by AAS or diphenylcarbazide (DPC) spectrophotometry. When Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(111) with Na2SO3 Solution brought to pH 1 by the addition of 1 M H2SO4, and preconcentrated on the resin, total Cr could be determined. The developed method was validated with a blended coal sample CRM-1632. Since the adsorption behavior as a funcfion of pH of possible interferent metal ions, e.g. Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Fe(III), was similar to that of Cr(III), selective elution of Cr(III) from the resin was realized using a mixture of 1 wt.% H2O2 + 1 M NH3. The eluate containing Cr as chromate could be directly analyzed by diphenyl carbazide spectrophotometry without any adverse effect from the common interferents of this method, i.e. Fe(III), Cu(II) Hg(II), VO3-, MoO42- and WO42-. Various synthetic waste solutions typical of electroplating bath effluents containing Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Na, Ca, cyanide (and chemical oxidation demand (COD), achieved by glucose addition) were subjected to pretreatment procedures such as hypochlorite oxidation (of cyanide) and catalytic oxidation (of COD) with peroxodisulfate. Chromium determination gave satisfactory results. The combined column preconcentration-selective elution-diphenylcarbazide spectrophotometric determination was also successfully applied to the determination of Cr in artificial and real seawater. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V