Artificial Intelligence in Colon Capsule Endoscopy: A Systematic Review

Background and aims: The applicability of colon capsule endoscopy in daily practice is limited by the accompanying labor-intensive reviewing time and the risk of inter-observer variability. Automated reviewing of colon capsule endoscopy images using artificial intelligence could be timesaving while providing an objective and reproducible outcome. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the available literature on artificial intelligence for reviewing colonic mucosa by colon capsule endoscopy and to assess the necessary action points for its use in clinical practice. Methods: A systematic literature search of literature published up to January 2022 was conducted using Embase, Web of Science, OVID MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL. Studies reporting on the use of artificial intelligence to review second-generation colon capsule endoscopy colonic images were included. Results: 1017 studies were evaluated for eligibility, of which nine were included. Two studies reported on computed bowel cleansing assessment, five studies reported on computed polyp or colorectal neoplasia detection and two studies reported on other implications. Overall, the sensitivity of the proposed artificial intelligence models were 86.5–95.5% for bowel cleansing and 47.4–98.1% for the detection of polyps and colorectal neoplasia. Two studies performed per-lesion analysis, in addition to per-frame analysis, which improved the sensitivity of polyp or colorectal neoplasia detection to 81.3–98.1%. By applying a convolutional neural network, the highest sensitivity of 98.1% for polyp detection was found. Conclusion: The use of artificial intelligence for reviewing second-generation colon capsule endoscopy images is promising. The highest sensitivity of 98.1% for polyp detection was achieved by deep learning with a convolutional neural network. Convolutional neural network algorithms should be optimized and tested with more data, possibly requiring the set-up of a large international colon capsule endoscopy database. Finally, the accuracy of the optimized convolutional neural network models need to be confirmed in a prospective setting