Testing The Deterrent Effects Of Personal And Vicarious Experience With Punishment And Punishment Avoidance

Stafford and Warr (1993) reconceptualized general and specific deterrence into a single theory in which people\u27s tendencies to commit crimes are based on a combination of personal experiences and vicarious experiences with being punished and avoiding punishment. The authors make a significant contribution to the deterrence literature by considering the effect of punishment avoidance when testing deterrence theory. The present study tests the applicability of Stafford and Warr\u27s reconceptualized theory. The results reveal only partial support for deterrence. We discuss the implications of our findings and make suggestions for future research on deterrence theory. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC