Learning and change in and through action-oriented research

In this chapter, we show how action-oriented research stimulates learning, inclusive innovation, and transformative change. Three well-elaborated methodologies are presented and discussed: Companion Modelling, Visual Problem Appraisal, and Reflexive Monitoring in Action. These have been applied extensively in a diversity of situations, including domains such as agriculture and health care, and in small projects as well as large programmes. All these methodologies recognise the importance of participation of actors with diverse perspectives and interests in the process of research, learning, and change. The methodologies are described in terms of design, actor participation, and researcher roles, as well as their proven value. At heart, they acknowledge complexity based on a soft systems perspective and support a specific group in a learning-and-action process. Notable direct results include changes in knowledge, aspirations, and understanding; changes in practices; and occasionally changes in rules. Thus, action-oriented research can help prepare the ground for wider change, using good facilitation and monitoring, and regardless of the possible intangibility of the final impact