Evaluation of Antiurolithic Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Syzygium Cumini Leaves in Ethylene Glycol (EG) Induced Urolithiasis in Wistar Rats

Urolithiasis can be produced in rats by induction of acute or chronic hyperoxaluria by using a variety of agents such as ethylene glycol, sodium oxalate, ammonium oxalate, hydroxyl-L-proline and glycolic acid. Kidney being the principal target for EG induced toxicity. EG is broken down in-vivo into four organic acids viz., glycolaldehyde, glycolic acid, glycooxalic acid and oxalic acid leading to hyperoxaluria which is the main initiative factor for lithiasis. Therefore in the present study, EG was preferred to induce lithiasis. Administration EG to the experimental animals for 28 days resulted in substantial elevation of oxalate and deposition of microcrystal’s in kidney. In addition, oxalate precipitates as a calcium oxalate crystals in kidney since the oxalate metabolism is considered almost identical between rats and humans. Calcium and phosphate play a vital role in renal calculogenesis. In EG induced rats, the urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate was significantly increased. The increase in calcium and phosphate excretion could be due to defective tubular reabsorption in the kidneys. While treatment with standard, curative and preventive regimens of Syzygium cumin markedly reduced the levels of these ions, suggested protective effect of Syzygium cumin urolithiasis. In urolithiasis, the calculi formed in the renal tissue leads to obstruction in the urinary system that decreases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and cause an accumulation of certain waste products like nitrogenous substances e.g., BUN, creatinine and uric acid in the blood. Marked renal damage was seen in EG induced rats indicated by decreased GFR, significant kidney weight gain and elevated serum level of BUN, creatinine, and uric acid. However treatment with ethanolic extracts of S. virginianum plant extracts in both curative and preventive regimens caused diuresis along with loss of kidney weight and also decreased the elevated serum level of BUN, creatinine and urea. The findings of the histopathological studies suggested that no microcrystalline deposition and kidney damage in the Syzygium cumini extract treated groups all these observations enabled us to confirm the preventive curative potential of Syzygium cumini on ethylene glycol induced lithiasis. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini leaves has both preventive as well as curative property in urolithiasis of rats. These finding, thus prompt the necessity for further study to carry out the antilithiatic effect of Syzygium cumini leaves by isolation of constituents and find out the actual constituent that active against stone formation. In this present research, the antiurolithic activity of Syzygium cumini leaves has been planned to evaluate for its potential towards the action. The leaves of Syzygium cumini leaves are beneficial in treating the various other ailments, which is also accountable for its action on renal calculi preferably at this juncture