Application of mine tailings sand as construction material – a review

Tailings are found during the exploration and processing of mineral ores. They contain a mixture of grounded rocks, processed effluent, and some trace elements that have the potential to damage the environment. Recent urbanisation has led to a large stockpile of tailings in many mining environment constituting health hazard. It becomes very important to develop disposal techniques that will reduce the huge mountain of tailings in mining environment. One of such method is the application of tailings in sustainable concrete production. It is shown that physical and chemical characteristics of tailings are comparable to crusher sand used in engineering construction and therefore, tailings can be used to partially replace sand in bituminous and concrete mixtures. In this review, specific interest has been given to iron, copper, and gold tailings, this is due to their dominance in mining areas of Kwa-Zulu Natal province of South Africa