Canada, le citt\ue0 sotterranee

Canada is an immense archipelago of islands and satellite cities, with several highly urbanized regions around the great metropolises of Montr\ue9al, Toronto, Vancouver and Ottawa, where half of the population is concentrated. For the great metropolises with extreme climates, the underground could be an important resource that could modify the overall fruition of the urban structure, with an interesting impact on the organization of the territory and landscape. One of the major cities built underground at the international level is the Ville Souterraine or RESO in Montr\ue9al, 32 km of pedestrian paths and shopping malls, 12 square metres of multipurpose spaces perfectly integrated into 41 districts above ground. Built in the 1960s and later expanded, this complex, which has 120 entrances, is used by 500,000 people every day. Toronto, divided into two parallel cities, one on the surface and one underground, is internationally recognized for the PATH, one of the most extensive shopping complexes that is perfectly integrated with a pedestrian circulation system with facilities and vertical connections. The PATH plays an important role not only in the economic growth and urban evolution of Toronto, but is also an alternative way of experiencing the heart of the city. The Masterplan which was developed offers a targeted approach to growth and to the development of the underground city