Improving the past and the future: A temporal asymmetry in hypothetical thinking.

Current views of hypothetical thinking implicitly assume that the content of imaginary thoughts about the past and future should be the same. Two experiments show that, given the same experienced facts of reality, future imagination may differ from past reconstruction. When participants failed a task, their counterfactual thoughts focused on uncontrollable features of their attempt (e.g., \u201cThings would have been better, if the allocated time were longer/If I had better logical skills\u201d). But their prefactual thoughts focused on controllable features of their ensuing endeavor (e.g., \u201cThings will be better next time, if I concentrate more/If I use another strategy\u201d). This finding suggests that compared to prefactual thinking, counterfactual thinking may be less subject to reality checks, and less likely to serve preparatory goals