Progressive offset and surface deformation along a seismogenic blind thrust in the Po Plain foredeep (Southern Alps, Northern Italy)

Here we present, for the first time in the Po Plain foredeep (Northern Italy), the middle to late Pleistocene growth history of an outcropping secondary fold and related faults, whose progressive deformation over an intermediate time window (105 years) is driven by an underlying seismogenic blind thrust. We trenched and logged an outcropping decametric secondary anticline, related to a deeper blind compressional structure, which deforms fluvial sediments and an overlying loess-paleosol sequence. Folded units were dated, using radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence methods, to the late Pleistocene–Holocene and tentatively correlated with glacial-interglacial phases occurring during the time interval from marine isotope stage 6 to the present. A multistep retrodeformation of the fold allowed us to calculate uplift rates for this secondary and shallow anticline, varying between 0.02 and 0.1 mm/yr since circa 200 kyr. Trishear forward deformation modeling of the fold indicates that the amplification of the observed fold could be caused by two shallow thrusts formed through a break-backward activation. This generated a decametric surface fold whose most recent growth was associated with bending-moment normal faulting in the crestal and forelimb region. Our observations demonstrate that near-surface compressive tectonics can be caused by blind thrusting, via a complex array of fault and folds: upward strain propagation and generation of shallow low-angle thrust and related folding seem to be mainly due to secondary fold-related faulting, according to an out-of-syncline thrusting mechanism